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The Problem with Legacy Ecosystems

Artwork: A. Ruiz Villar, Love Blossoms (detail), 2012, mixed media on wood   

As automation and digitization transform the economy, well-resourced incumbents in industry after industry are losing out to upstarts. Traditional retailers that have entered the e-commerce space appear no match for digital-native Amazon. Electric-vehicle sales at the world’s most storied automotive companies consistently trail Tesla’s. And even after substantial investments in technology, no taxicab consortium has been able to fend off Uber’s attack.

A version of this article appeared in the November 2016 issue of Harvard Business Review.

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